Difference between revisions of "Foundation of Faculty of Law, 1707"

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The creation of a Regius Professorship of Public Law in 1707 led to the creation of the [[Faculty of Law]].  
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The creation of a Regius Professorship of [[Public Law]] in 1707 led to the creation of the [[Faculty of Law]].  
  
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Some controversy surrounds the creation of the Regius Professorship. It resulted from a sign-manual issued by [[Queen Anne]], which amended the terms of an annual grant of £300 awarded by her predecessor William III. The grant had hitherto funded twenty bursaries in theology to supply ministers for the many vacancies in the Church of Scotland following the 'Glorious Revolution' of 1688. Anne's sign-manual stated that this purpose had now been met, and that it would be of greater public benefit to employ £150 from the grant to endow a chair of 'Public Law and the Law of Nature and Nations'. The number of theology bursaries was reduce to five, and Charles Erskine was appointed to the newly created Chair.  
+
Some controversy surrounds the creation of the Regius Professorship. It resulted from a sign-manual issued by [[Queen Anne]], which amended the terms of an annual grant of £300 awarded by her predecessor William III. The grant had hitherto funded twenty bursaries in theology to supply ministers for the many vacancies in the Church of Scotland following the 'Glorious Revolution' of 1688. Anne's sign-manual stated that this purpose had now been met, and that it would be of greater public benefit to employ £150 from the grant to endow a chair of 'Public Law and the Law of Nature and Nations'. The number of theology bursaries was reduced to five, and [[Charles Erskine, 1680-1763]] was appointed to the newly created Chair.  
  
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This document stated that His late Majesty's pious
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For some of the University's historians, such as [[Andrew Dalzel (1742-1806)]] and Roger L. Emerson, the creation of the Professorship was essentially a cynical means of creating a sinecure for Charles Erskine who enjoyed much influence at Court. Dalzel points to the protest raised by the [[Town Council]] of Edinburgh and to the fact that Erskine was immediately granted leave of absence to pursue his studies abroad and did not commence teaching until 1711. Another historian [[Sir Alexander Grant (1826-1884)]] is more inclined to believe that the Chair was a deliberate first step towards the creation of a law faculty. He argues that it was consistent with the programme of reforms initiated by Principal [[William Carstares (1649-1715)]] which aimed to remodel Edinburgh University along European lines. These reforms would lead in 1708 to the [[End of Regenting System, 1708|abolition of the regenting system]] and the [[Foundation of Faculty of Arts, 1708|creation of the Faculty of Arts]]. Grant notes too the growing desire for a Scottish law school which would prevent the need for Scots to study abroad at centres such as Leiden, Groningen, Utrecht, or Halle if they wished to practise law. There was certainly a strong argument for instituting a chair in a discipline that was popular among Scottish students, but which they had hitherto been forced to go abroad to study.
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intention in founding twenty Bursaries in Theology
 
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had been to provide qualified Ministers for the many
 
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vacancies in the Scottish Kirk after the Revolution
 
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Settlement ; — but that this end was already fulfilled,
 
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" most of the Kirks being now being supplied with
 
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learned and pious Ministers ; whereby, it now
 
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becomes of more use and benefit to our ancient king-
 
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dom to establish and settle a foundation for a Pro-  
 
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fessor of the Public Law and the Law of Nature and
 
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Nations." To this Chair ^150 a year was allotted
 
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as an endowment, and to provide that amount the  
 
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Divinity Bursars were reduced to five in number. 1
 
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Charles Areskine, " Professor of Philosophy in the  
 
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College of Edinburgh " (z.e. one of the four Regents),
 
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was appointed the first Professor of Public Law. A
 
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certain amount of mystery hangs over the creation  
 
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of the Chair ; it was either, as some have suggested,
 
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a job, Areskines influence at Court enabling him to
 
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obtain the diversion of Bursaries in order to create
 
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for his benefit a Professorship, which for a long time
 
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was of little or no use ; or, on the other hand, it
 
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may have been a measure suggested or approved by
 
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Carstares for providing a scientific and philosophical
 
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basis for a future Faculty of Laws, in imitation,  
 
  
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1 The Town Council protested against this alteration, but without
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The Faculty of Law was indubitably constituted by 1710, when [[James Craig (1672-1732)]] was appointed to the newly created Chair of [[Civil Law]]. This was elevated to a Regius Professorship of Civil and Canon Law in 1715.
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avail. Dalzel (p. 294) denounces it as "a scandalous job, which
 
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ought not to have been consented to by Her Majesty's ministers, and
 
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which was resisted by the patrons, and the Principal, and Professors
 
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of the University." The patrons certainly resisted it, but there is no
 
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trace of Carstares, or any of the Professors, having done so.  
 
  
 +
== Other Key Events of Carstares's Principalship ==
  
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*[[Seizure of College Records by Town Council, 1704]]
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*[[End of Regenting System, 1708]]
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*[[Foundation of Faculty of Arts, 1708]]
  
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1707] CHAIR OF PUBLIC LAW CREATED. 233
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== Sources ==
  
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perhaps, of the Dutch Universities. Whichever
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*[[Alexander Bower (fl. 1804-1830)|Alexander Bower]], ''The History of the University of Edinburgh''. 3 vols. Edinburgh, 1817-1830.
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was the case, 1 the Chair^afLEublic Law formed a
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*[[Andrew Dalzel]], ''History of the University of Edinburgh from its Foundation'', 2 vols (Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1862)
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new feature in the College of Edinburgh (though its
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*Roger L. Emerson, ''Academic Patronage in the Scottish Enlightenment: Glasgow, Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008)
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possessor was for most of his time residing abroad,  
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*[[Sir Alexander Grant]], ''The Story of the University of Edinburgh during its First Three Hundred Years'', 2 vols (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1884)
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instead of lecturing to a class), and it was the last
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[[Category:Events|Foundation of Faculty of Law, 1707]][[Category:Incomplete|Foundation of Faculty of Law, 1707]]
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addition made to the^ establishment before the new
 
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start taken in 1 708. The staff then had grown to )
 
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be as follows : Principal, who was also nominally
 
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Professor of Theology; Professors of Divinity,
 
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Hebrew, and Church History ; a Professor of Public
 
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Law ; a Professor of Mathematics ; four Regents of
 
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Philosophy ; and a Regent of Humanity,  
 
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As the College grew in its teaching powers and  
 
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in importance, questions as to its constitution and
 
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government under the vague terms of King James
 
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VI.'s charter naturally arose. The Town Council
 
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having, as we have seen, declared it, by an Act of
 
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1685, to have been created as a University from the  
 
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1 A curious fact relating to this matter may be here men-
 
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tioned, namely, that there is in the University Library a book
 
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entitled Hugonis Grotii De Jure Belli ac Pacts Librorum III. Com-
 
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pendium, Annotationibus et Commentariis SelecHs illustratutn. In
 
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usum studiosa Juventutis Academic* Edinensis. Edinburgi, A.D.
 
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MDCCVII. It is by William Scott, one of the Regents at that time ; it is
 
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dedicated to the Lord Provost and Town Council, and on the title
 
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page is written Liber Bibliotheca Edinensis ex dono Authoris, 410
 
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Aprilis 17&J. In a Latin preface Scott tells us that the book had
 
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been printed for the use of a private class to whom he had previously
 
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dictated its contents as a preparation for wider studies, and he gives
 
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in full his opening address, delivered in his private class-room (in
 
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auditorio privatd), on the study of Grotius. This shows that there
 
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was some little demand among the Students of the College for lectures
 
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on the Law of Nature and Nations. It is possible that Carstares may
 
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have suggested the delivery of these lectures as a first step towards
 
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the foundation of a Chair. But under the circumstances it is remark-
 
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able that the Chair, when founded, should have been given to Areskine
 
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and not to Scott
 
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The Faculty was further established during the first quarter of the eighteenth century. Previous to this, many scholars intent on training in law had chosen to go to known centres of learning such as Utrecht, Leyden, Groningen or Halle.
 

Latest revision as of 12:18, 13 July 2015

The creation of a Regius Professorship of Public Law in 1707 led to the creation of the Faculty of Law.

Some controversy surrounds the creation of the Regius Professorship. It resulted from a sign-manual issued by Queen Anne, which amended the terms of an annual grant of £300 awarded by her predecessor William III. The grant had hitherto funded twenty bursaries in theology to supply ministers for the many vacancies in the Church of Scotland following the 'Glorious Revolution' of 1688. Anne's sign-manual stated that this purpose had now been met, and that it would be of greater public benefit to employ £150 from the grant to endow a chair of 'Public Law and the Law of Nature and Nations'. The number of theology bursaries was reduced to five, and Charles Erskine, 1680-1763 was appointed to the newly created Chair.

For some of the University's historians, such as Andrew Dalzel (1742-1806) and Roger L. Emerson, the creation of the Professorship was essentially a cynical means of creating a sinecure for Charles Erskine who enjoyed much influence at Court. Dalzel points to the protest raised by the Town Council of Edinburgh and to the fact that Erskine was immediately granted leave of absence to pursue his studies abroad and did not commence teaching until 1711. Another historian Sir Alexander Grant (1826-1884) is more inclined to believe that the Chair was a deliberate first step towards the creation of a law faculty. He argues that it was consistent with the programme of reforms initiated by Principal William Carstares (1649-1715) which aimed to remodel Edinburgh University along European lines. These reforms would lead in 1708 to the abolition of the regenting system and the creation of the Faculty of Arts. Grant notes too the growing desire for a Scottish law school which would prevent the need for Scots to study abroad at centres such as Leiden, Groningen, Utrecht, or Halle if they wished to practise law. There was certainly a strong argument for instituting a chair in a discipline that was popular among Scottish students, but which they had hitherto been forced to go abroad to study.

The Faculty of Law was indubitably constituted by 1710, when James Craig (1672-1732) was appointed to the newly created Chair of Civil Law. This was elevated to a Regius Professorship of Civil and Canon Law in 1715.

Other Key Events of Carstares's Principalship

Sources

  • Alexander Bower, The History of the University of Edinburgh. 3 vols. Edinburgh, 1817-1830.
  • Andrew Dalzel, History of the University of Edinburgh from its Foundation, 2 vols (Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1862)
  • Roger L. Emerson, Academic Patronage in the Scottish Enlightenment: Glasgow, Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008)
  • Sir Alexander Grant, The Story of the University of Edinburgh during its First Three Hundred Years, 2 vols (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1884)
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