Difference between revisions of "Sir Basil Urwin Spence (1907-1976)"

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The architect Sir Basil Spence (1907-1976) devised the layout for the redevelopment of [[George Square]] into a new campus for the [[Faculty of Arts]] in 1955, and headed the team responsible for the design of the [[Main Library]] building (completed 1967).
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The architect '''Sir Basil Spence (1907-1976)''' devised the layout for the 1960s redevelopment of [[George Square]] into a new campus for the [[Faculty of Arts]] and headed the team responsible for the design of the [[Main Library]] building (completed 1967).
  
 
== Beginnings ==
 
== Beginnings ==
  
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Spence was born in Mumbai, India, and, at the age of 12, was sent by his Orcadian parents to study at George Watson's College, Edinburgh. In 1925 he went to [[Edinburgh College of Art]], originally to study sculpture, but rapidly changing course to architecture. Here he came under the key formative influences of: architectural historian [[John Summerson (1904-1992)]], architect and town-planner [[Sir Frank Charles Mears (1880-1953)]], who both lectured at ECA; [[Sir Robert Stodart Lorimer (1864-1929)]], a college governor and examiner; and visiting lecturers [[Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (1883-1969)|Walter Gropius (1883-1969)]], founder of the Bauhaus school, and [[Erich Mendelsohn (1887-1953)]], the Art Deco pioneer.
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Spence was born in Mumbai, India, and, at the age of 12, was sent by his Orcadian parents to study at George Watson's College, Edinburgh. In 1925 he went to [[Edinburgh College of Art]], originally to study sculpture, but rapidly changing course to architecture. Key influences during his time at ECA included: architectural historian [[John Summerson (1904-1992)]], architect and town-planner [[Sir Frank Charles Mears (1880-1953)]], who both lectured at ECA; [[Sir Robert Stodart Lorimer (1864-1929)]], a college governor and examiner; and visiting lecturers [[Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (1883-1969)|Walter Gropius (1883-1969)]], founder of the Bauhaus school, and [[Erich Mendelsohn (1887-1953)]], the Art Deco pioneer.
  
 
== Early Career ==
 
== Early Career ==
 
   
 
   
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Having been awarded the ECA certificate in architecture in 1929, Spence left Edinburgh to work in the London office of Sir Edwin Lutyens (1869-1944), another important influence, and prepared furniture and garden designs for Viceroy House in New Delhi. He returned to Edinburgh in 1930 to complete his architectural training, proceeding to win the [[Sir Robert Rowand Anderson (1834-1921)|Rowand Anderson]] medal (1930), the RIBA silver medal (1931); the Pugin prize (1933), and the Arthur Cates Prize for Town Planning (1933). In 1931 he obtained his diploma in architecture and joined Rowand Anderson, Balfour Paul, & Partners, rising to junior partner by 1935. For the rest of the 1930s he combined relatively baronial-style conservative work for this established Edinburgh practice with more modernist designs for private houses in collaboration with his college friend [[William Hardie Kininmonth (1904-1988)]]. Acclaim for the letter led to a major independent commission for Spence to design the Le Corbusier-influenced Scottish pavilion at the Empire Exhibition in Glasgow in 1938, along with the ICI pavilion and a country cottage intended as a model for agricultural workers. When war broke out Spence joined the Royal Artillery, eventually bringing his talent for design and landscape composition to bear as an officer in their camouflage unit. Serving in Normandy, he witnessed the destruction of ancients and recorded in his diary his desire to build a church fit for his own times, should he survive the war.
+
Having been awarded the ECA certificate in architecture in 1929, Spence left Edinburgh to work in the London office of Sir Edwin Lutyens (1869-1944), another important influence, and prepared furniture and garden designs for Viceroy House in New Delhi. He returned to Edinburgh in 1930 to complete his architectural training, proceeding to win the [[Sir Robert Rowand Anderson (1834-1921)|Rowand Anderson]] medal (1930), the RIBA silver medal (1931); the Pugin prize (1933), and the Arthur Cates Prize for Town Planning (1933). In 1931 he obtained his diploma in architecture and joined Rowand Anderson, Balfour Paul, & Partners, rising to junior partner by 1935. For the rest of the 1930s he combined relatively conservative baronial-style work for this established Edinburgh practice with more modernist designs for private houses in collaboration with his college friend [[William Hardie Kininmonth (1904-1988)]]. Acclaim for the latter led to a major independent commission for Spence to design the Le Corbusier-influenced Scottish pavilion at the Empire Exhibition in Glasgow in 1938, along with the ICI pavilion and a country cottage intended as a model for agricultural workers. When war broke out Spence joined the Royal Artillery, eventually bringing his talent for design and landscape composition to bear as an officer in their camouflage unit. Serving in Normandy, he witnessed the destruction of ancient religious buildings and recorded in his diary his desire to build a church fit for his own times, should he survive the war.
  
 
== Post-War Career ==
 
== Post-War Career ==
  
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Balfour Paul were unable to re-employ Spence after the cessation of hostilities, due to an embargo on construction except for wartime repairs, and he spent some time teaching part-time at ECA. In 1946, he formed the practice Basil Spence & Partners, recruiting assistants from Balfour Paul's office and promisingg students from ECA. They initially specialized in designing exhibition pavilions including the Enterprise Scotland Exhibition, Edinburgh (1946), the Scottish Industries Exhibition, Glasgow (1947), and the Britain Can Make It Exhibition, London (1949). By the late 1940s, however, they were receiving commissions for working-class local authority housing in areas such as Bannerfield, Selkirk (1948), Dunbar (1949), Sunbury-on-Thames and Feltham (1950), and Shepperton (1951). Spence's designs won him the Festival of Britain award for housing in 1951, and led to further pavilion work for the Festival itself. In the same year, Spence won a competition to rebuild Coventry Cathedral which had been devastated by wartime bombing. Spence's design, which retained the burnt-out ruins, placing them at a right angle to a new structure. Finally completed in 1961, it is Spence's best-known and most controversial design, catapulting him to public prominence.
+
Balfour Paul were unable to re-employ Spence after the cessation of hostilities, due to an embargo on construction except for wartime repairs, and he spent some time teaching part-time at ECA. In 1946, he formed the practice Basil Spence & Partners, recruiting assistants from Balfour Paul's office and promising students from ECA. They initially specialized in designing exhibition pavilions including the Enterprise Scotland Exhibition, Edinburgh (1946), the Scottish Industries Exhibition, Glasgow (1947), and the Britain Can Make It Exhibition, London (1949). By the late 1940s, however, they were receiving commissions for working-class local authority housing in areas such as Bannerfield, Selkirk (1948), Dunbar (1949), Sunbury-on-Thames and Feltham (1950), and Shepperton (1951). Spence's designs won him the Festival of Britain award for housing in 1951, and led to further pavilion work for the Festival itself. In the same year, Spence won a competition to rebuild Coventry Cathedral which had been devastated by wartime bombing. Spence's design, which retained the burnt-out ruins, placing them at a right angle to a new structure. Finally completed in 1961, it is Spence's best-known and most controversial design, catapulting him to public prominence.
  
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Success with the cathedral commission and the Festival of Britain buildings led Spence to open a London office in 1951. Over the next forty years his London and Edinburgh practices between them were responsible for over 160 major buildings and master plans. Coventry led on to a succession of church commissions in England. Acclaim for his public housing projects led to commissions for central-area redevelopment schemes in Newcastle, Sunderland, Hampstead, and Chelsea, and to work on Basildon New Town. Subsequent work resulting from these master plans includes the Swiss Cottage Library and Public Baths (1960–62), Newcastle (1969), the Civic Centre, Sunderland (1970), Kensington Town Hall (1974), and the much-criticized Knightsbridge Barracks overlooking Hyde Park (1967–70).
+
Success with the cathedral commission and the Festival of Britain buildings led Spence to open a London office in 1951. Over the next forty years his London and Edinburgh practices between them were responsible for over 160 major buildings and master plans. Coventry Cathedral led on to a succession of church commissions in England. Acclaim for his public housing projects led to commissions for central-area redevelopment schemes in Newcastle, Sunderland, Hampstead, and Chelsea, and to work on Basildon New Town. Subsequent work resulting from these master plans includes the Swiss Cottage Library and Public Baths (1960–62), Newcastle (1969), the Civic Centre, Sunderland (1970), Kensington Town Hall (1974), and the much-criticized Knightsbridge Barracks overlooking Hyde Park (1967–70). He continued to be involved in working-class housing projects, including the now demolished Hutchesontown tower blocks in Glasgow.
  
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Spence's status as the most sought-after architect for UK public buildings also led to commissions abroad. Besides advising on the design of projects such as the New Zealand parliament building in Wellington, the United Nations offices in Geneva, and the John F. Kennedy Memorial Plaza in Dallas, Texas, Spence was responsible for the design of the British Embassy in Rome and the British Pavilion for Expo '67 in Montreal.
  
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== Edinburgh University ==
  
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In 1955, Spence devised a layout for a massive redevelopment of Edinburgh University's Arts campus, centered on George Square, originally a Georgian residential square with a large central garden. In the same year, [[Percy Edwin Alan Johnson-Marshall (1915-1993)|Percy Johnson-Marshall (1915-1993)]] was appointed as Planning Consultant with responsibility for the overall layout, designation of sites, harmonisation of finishes, landscaping and external works. The redevelopment plan incorporated a new Main Library building. By the mid-20th century, it had become evident that Library accommodation within the [[Old College]] complex was inadequate for the future needs of the university. In 1954, [[Sir Edward Victor Appleton (1892-1965)]], the [[Principal]] of the University designated Spence as the architect of the new building. The library was to be the very hub of Spence’s campus scheme, occupying a one-acre site on the south-west corner of George Square. It would be several years, however, before an official library commission was awarded and design work could get underway, as these depended upon the award of a capital grant from the University Grants Committee and the building of replacements for the student hostels that occupied the library site.
  
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Spence benefited considerably from the expansion of higher education in the UK following the Robbins report of 1963. He was appointed to master-plan the new University of Sussex and provide the framework for the expansion of many others: Southampton, Nottingham, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Newcastle, Durham, and Exeter. The Spence offices in London and Edinburgh also provided designs for a variety of faculty buildings, including the libraries at Sussex University (1962), Edinburgh University (1964), and Heriot-Watt University (1970). The projects in which Spence took a personal interest—for example, Falmer House, Sussex University (1962), and St Aidan's College, Durham (1963)—display characteristic visual power and bold construction. Structure was something Spence approached with the eye not of an engineer but of a sculptor. Huge oversailing segmental arched roofs, walls of rough brick or stone, and massive double-height columns gave these buildings a primitive quality which owed an increasing debt to Le Corbusier. His expansion of Queens' College, Cambridge, in mellow red brick built upon a pilotis was, in 1959, the first building in the modernist style along the Backs.
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The new Library was designed by Spence’s Edinburgh office of Spence, Glover & Ferguson. The design process was extremely rigorous, involving extensive researching into existing library structures, and close consultation with the university librarian [[Erik Richard Sidney Fifoot (1925-1992)|Richard Fifoot (1925-1992)]] as the team sought to provide space for 2,500 readers, 114 staff and 2 million books.Spence did not personally produce a design for the library. His partner [[John Hardie Glover (1913-1994)]] was put in charge of the job and appointed [[Andrew Merrylees (1933- )]] as project archivist. Merrylees had developed a sketch plan by February 1963 which was approved by the University Grants Committee in June of the same year. Glover, however, was unhappy with the proportions of the front elevation. He consulted with Spence who devised a suspended fascia across the entrance to amend the proportions.
  
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Planning consent was granted in November 1964, and construction began working with a budget of £1,700,000, a considerable sum for the time. When completed in August 1967, the Library was the largest building of its type in Britain. It was met with immediate acclaim, earning a RIBA award in 1968 and a Civic Trust Commendation in 1969. Today it is recognized as one of the major modernist works in Scotland and is a category A listed building.
  
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Spence was also much involved in housing projects, and won a Saltire award for harbourside housing in Dunbar, Scotland, and in more heroic spirit for the now demolished Gorbals tower blocks in Glasgow. In the 1960s he was the most sought-after architect for public buildings in the UK, and where he could not provide detailed design services he acted as ‘consultant’, especially on overseas commissions. In this capacity he advised the New Zealand government on the design of the new parliament building in Wellington, the United Nations on its new offices in Geneva, and the trustees of the Kennedy memorial. He was involved in the design of the Riverstaete Building in Amsterdam, and new banks and airports from Greece to Iraq. The reports Spence furnished in his capacity as consultant were invariably supported by perspective sketches full of mood and drama, and pregnant with architectural possibility.
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== Further University and Library Commissions ==
  
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Among the avalanche of work two projects in particular required close attention. The first was the Rome embassy for the British government, commissioned in 1960 and opened a decade later. The site stood alongside Michelangelo's Porta Pia, the structural proportions of which Spence adopted for his design. Spence had always been fascinated by the play of light on walls and in the Rome embassy manipulated sunlight and shadows to give the building the presence needed to stand alongside its distinguished neighbour. As with Coventry Cathedral a close examination of context provided the basis for a design which, though modern in materials and construction, added subtly to the wider composition. As with the cathedral, the Rome embassy was seen in some architectural circles as too traditional and picturesque and hence out of step with the growing brutalism of modern architecture. The other project of note from this period was the British pavilion designed by Spence for Expo '67 in Montreal. Here a composition of pyramids, platforms, and towers (largely devoid of structural logic) provided exhibition space in which British goods (including the Mini) and works of art (including sculpture by Henry Moore) could be displayed. The basic form, a huge fractured crystal surrounded by an extensive moat, allowed light to penetrate in triangular shafts, providing that touch of panache necessary in exhibition pavilions.
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Edinburgh University was the first of a number of significant higher education commissions for Spence, as the sector expanded considerably following the Robbins report of 1963. Besides providing layouts for Durham, Exeter, Liverpool, Newcastle Nottingham, and Southampton Universities, he master-planned the new University of Sussex and designed its library. The experience gained by Spence’s team in building Edinburgh University Main Library was put to further use in their designs for Newcastle Central Library, University College Dublin Library, the Sidney Jones Library (Liverpool University) and the Cameron Small Library (Heriot Watt University).
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Awards at home and abroad tainted by growing criticism
 
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By the early 1970s Spence was highly regarded by the general public and professional peers, though architectural critics led by the Architectural Review were becoming more vocal. His rise to eminence had been swift and he received an unprecedented number of public and professional awards. Knighted in 1960, he was awarded the Order of Merit in 1962 and received honorary awards from the French Academy, the American Institute of Architects, and the Rome Academy, as well as the Royal Academy in London, and doctorates from many universities. Spence rose to the highest professional office in the UK, by becoming president of the Royal Institute of British Architects (1958–60), and was given the title Royal Designer for Industry in 1960. Inevitably over a career of forty years Spence could not always adapt to changing fashions or client demand. His image also became tarnished by a reputation for a scale of architectural ambition that often exceeded his clients' budgets (the nickname Sir Basil-Expense was coined following cost overruns at Sussex University). Some critics dismissed his buildings as over-theatrical and lacking in technological substance. Of his British pavilion at Expo '67 the Architectural Review said it ‘looked like a shape designed for its own sake, with the means of construction decided afterwards’ (Architectural Review, August 1967, 157).
 
  
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The criticism cut deep: Spence sought refuge in his wife, Joan, and their two children, Milton and Gillian. Joan, who had earlier given Spence resolution in the face of criticism over the design for Coventry Cathedral, again supported her husband in the later years. But increasingly they withdrew to the holiday homes he had designed overlooking the river at Beaulieu in Hampshire and in Majorca and Malta. Here he painted, designed buildings for admiring clients, sailed, and entertained surrounded by works of art.
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== Recognition ==
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An appraisal
 
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Basil Spence brought flair to the colourless world of post-war British architecture. His bow-ties, dapper suits, ready smile, and talent for publicity helped revitalize the profession in the 1950s. Largely uninterested in the technology of building construction, suspicious of system building and even at times of functionalism itself, he was supremely an architect of the senses. The visual world was Spence's main concern: how things looked was no less important than how well they performed their task. If the aesthetics of architecture ran deep in the Spence consciousness, they found particular expression in the handling of light, in geometrical composition, and in the relationship between buildings and landscape. In this he shared affinity with other artists of his age—the sculptor Henry Moore and the painters Graham Sutherland, Victor Pasmore, and John Piper. Spence was the most painterly in outlook of mid-twentieth-century British architects. The eye was the dominant sense and when doubt arose he trusted his visual judgement. The large formal perspective drawing was prepared by Spence not just to win over clients and committees but also to confirm to himself the validity of his initial vision. He died at Yaxley Hall, near Eye, Suffolk, on 19 November 1976, and was buried at St Mary's Church, Thornham Parva, Eye, Suffolk.
 
  
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After a period of disfavour Spence's reputation began to revive in the 1990s and many of his buildings, savaged at the time, are now listed. The protected structures include some of his more controversial projects: Swiss Cottage Library, Knightsbridge barracks, Coventry Cathedral, Mortonhall crematorium, and most of Sussex University.
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Spence received many public and professional awards both in the UK and abroad. He was knighted in 1960 and awarded the Order of Merit in 1962. He served as President of the Royal Institute of British Architects from 1958 to 1960, and was named Royal Designer for Industry in 1960. After a backlash against Modernist (and particularly Brutalist) architecture, his work has gradually returned to favour, with many of his buildings (including some of his most controversial) now listed.
  
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Brian W. Edwards
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== Sources ==
  
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Brian W. Edwards, ‘Spence, Sir Basil Urwin (1907–1976)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2012 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31707, accessed 27 Feb 2015]
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*Brian W. Edwards, 'Spence, Sir Basil Urwin (1907–1976)', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)
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[[Category:Architects|Spence, Sir Basil Urwin]]

Latest revision as of 14:32, 22 April 2015

The architect Sir Basil Spence (1907-1976) devised the layout for the 1960s redevelopment of George Square into a new campus for the Faculty of Arts and headed the team responsible for the design of the Main Library building (completed 1967).

Beginnings

Spence was born in Mumbai, India, and, at the age of 12, was sent by his Orcadian parents to study at George Watson's College, Edinburgh. In 1925 he went to Edinburgh College of Art, originally to study sculpture, but rapidly changing course to architecture. Key influences during his time at ECA included: architectural historian John Summerson (1904-1992), architect and town-planner Sir Frank Charles Mears (1880-1953), who both lectured at ECA; Sir Robert Stodart Lorimer (1864-1929), a college governor and examiner; and visiting lecturers Walter Gropius (1883-1969), founder of the Bauhaus school, and Erich Mendelsohn (1887-1953), the Art Deco pioneer.

Early Career

Having been awarded the ECA certificate in architecture in 1929, Spence left Edinburgh to work in the London office of Sir Edwin Lutyens (1869-1944), another important influence, and prepared furniture and garden designs for Viceroy House in New Delhi. He returned to Edinburgh in 1930 to complete his architectural training, proceeding to win the Rowand Anderson medal (1930), the RIBA silver medal (1931); the Pugin prize (1933), and the Arthur Cates Prize for Town Planning (1933). In 1931 he obtained his diploma in architecture and joined Rowand Anderson, Balfour Paul, & Partners, rising to junior partner by 1935. For the rest of the 1930s he combined relatively conservative baronial-style work for this established Edinburgh practice with more modernist designs for private houses in collaboration with his college friend William Hardie Kininmonth (1904-1988). Acclaim for the latter led to a major independent commission for Spence to design the Le Corbusier-influenced Scottish pavilion at the Empire Exhibition in Glasgow in 1938, along with the ICI pavilion and a country cottage intended as a model for agricultural workers. When war broke out Spence joined the Royal Artillery, eventually bringing his talent for design and landscape composition to bear as an officer in their camouflage unit. Serving in Normandy, he witnessed the destruction of ancient religious buildings and recorded in his diary his desire to build a church fit for his own times, should he survive the war.

Post-War Career

Balfour Paul were unable to re-employ Spence after the cessation of hostilities, due to an embargo on construction except for wartime repairs, and he spent some time teaching part-time at ECA. In 1946, he formed the practice Basil Spence & Partners, recruiting assistants from Balfour Paul's office and promising students from ECA. They initially specialized in designing exhibition pavilions including the Enterprise Scotland Exhibition, Edinburgh (1946), the Scottish Industries Exhibition, Glasgow (1947), and the Britain Can Make It Exhibition, London (1949). By the late 1940s, however, they were receiving commissions for working-class local authority housing in areas such as Bannerfield, Selkirk (1948), Dunbar (1949), Sunbury-on-Thames and Feltham (1950), and Shepperton (1951). Spence's designs won him the Festival of Britain award for housing in 1951, and led to further pavilion work for the Festival itself. In the same year, Spence won a competition to rebuild Coventry Cathedral which had been devastated by wartime bombing. Spence's design, which retained the burnt-out ruins, placing them at a right angle to a new structure. Finally completed in 1961, it is Spence's best-known and most controversial design, catapulting him to public prominence.

Success with the cathedral commission and the Festival of Britain buildings led Spence to open a London office in 1951. Over the next forty years his London and Edinburgh practices between them were responsible for over 160 major buildings and master plans. Coventry Cathedral led on to a succession of church commissions in England. Acclaim for his public housing projects led to commissions for central-area redevelopment schemes in Newcastle, Sunderland, Hampstead, and Chelsea, and to work on Basildon New Town. Subsequent work resulting from these master plans includes the Swiss Cottage Library and Public Baths (1960–62), Newcastle (1969), the Civic Centre, Sunderland (1970), Kensington Town Hall (1974), and the much-criticized Knightsbridge Barracks overlooking Hyde Park (1967–70). He continued to be involved in working-class housing projects, including the now demolished Hutchesontown tower blocks in Glasgow.

Spence's status as the most sought-after architect for UK public buildings also led to commissions abroad. Besides advising on the design of projects such as the New Zealand parliament building in Wellington, the United Nations offices in Geneva, and the John F. Kennedy Memorial Plaza in Dallas, Texas, Spence was responsible for the design of the British Embassy in Rome and the British Pavilion for Expo '67 in Montreal.

Edinburgh University

In 1955, Spence devised a layout for a massive redevelopment of Edinburgh University's Arts campus, centered on George Square, originally a Georgian residential square with a large central garden. In the same year, Percy Johnson-Marshall (1915-1993) was appointed as Planning Consultant with responsibility for the overall layout, designation of sites, harmonisation of finishes, landscaping and external works. The redevelopment plan incorporated a new Main Library building. By the mid-20th century, it had become evident that Library accommodation within the Old College complex was inadequate for the future needs of the university. In 1954, Sir Edward Victor Appleton (1892-1965), the Principal of the University designated Spence as the architect of the new building. The library was to be the very hub of Spence’s campus scheme, occupying a one-acre site on the south-west corner of George Square. It would be several years, however, before an official library commission was awarded and design work could get underway, as these depended upon the award of a capital grant from the University Grants Committee and the building of replacements for the student hostels that occupied the library site.

The new Library was designed by Spence’s Edinburgh office of Spence, Glover & Ferguson. The design process was extremely rigorous, involving extensive researching into existing library structures, and close consultation with the university librarian Richard Fifoot (1925-1992) as the team sought to provide space for 2,500 readers, 114 staff and 2 million books.Spence did not personally produce a design for the library. His partner John Hardie Glover (1913-1994) was put in charge of the job and appointed Andrew Merrylees (1933- ) as project archivist. Merrylees had developed a sketch plan by February 1963 which was approved by the University Grants Committee in June of the same year. Glover, however, was unhappy with the proportions of the front elevation. He consulted with Spence who devised a suspended fascia across the entrance to amend the proportions.

Planning consent was granted in November 1964, and construction began working with a budget of £1,700,000, a considerable sum for the time. When completed in August 1967, the Library was the largest building of its type in Britain. It was met with immediate acclaim, earning a RIBA award in 1968 and a Civic Trust Commendation in 1969. Today it is recognized as one of the major modernist works in Scotland and is a category A listed building.

Further University and Library Commissions

Edinburgh University was the first of a number of significant higher education commissions for Spence, as the sector expanded considerably following the Robbins report of 1963. Besides providing layouts for Durham, Exeter, Liverpool, Newcastle Nottingham, and Southampton Universities, he master-planned the new University of Sussex and designed its library. The experience gained by Spence’s team in building Edinburgh University Main Library was put to further use in their designs for Newcastle Central Library, University College Dublin Library, the Sidney Jones Library (Liverpool University) and the Cameron Small Library (Heriot Watt University).

Recognition

Spence received many public and professional awards both in the UK and abroad. He was knighted in 1960 and awarded the Order of Merit in 1962. He served as President of the Royal Institute of British Architects from 1958 to 1960, and was named Royal Designer for Industry in 1960. After a backlash against Modernist (and particularly Brutalist) architecture, his work has gradually returned to favour, with many of his buildings (including some of his most controversial) now listed.

Sources

  • Brian W. Edwards, 'Spence, Sir Basil Urwin (1907–1976)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)
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